Gun Control and Its Effects on Crime Rates Research Paper

Gun Control and Its Effects on Crime Rates - Research Paper Example Keeping this in view, many countries across the world banned the acquisition of harmful weapons on civilians. Logically speaking, if B accompanies A most of the time and one does not want B then one should be more likely to avoid A, too. Similarly, if crimes involve armed weapon and if someone wants to lower down the criminal activity, then the logical course of action should be to ban the possession of armed weapon. However, ironically, opposite is true. The phenomenon of gun control, which is the ban on supply or usage of guns by civilians, correlates highly with the increase of crime rates. This theory faces great opposition by pro-gun control schools of thought, which maintain that less weapons means less crime. This paper addresses this debate in a more enlightened space substantiating each point with relevant evidence. However, the paper holds and attempts to prove that gun control does, directly or indirectly, leads to increase in crime rates. Before diving into the actual debate, a glance at the background of the issue and historical anecdotes will clear the space for the discussion to build up in a more neutral, bias-free fashion. Gun control has been a popular topic of discussion and argument since a century. Nazis and Fascist were strong proponents of enforcing gun control to disable the civilians to counterattack. Therefore, people belong to anti-Hitler clan usually oppose the enforcement of fun control, saying that this is remains of the brutality of fascism (Wilson, 2007). On the other hand, US have a strong history of gun control, especially with respect to its Civil Rights Act and racial discrimination against African Americans. After the slavery abolished and Reconstruction was underway, slavery codes were replaced with Black Codes, which contained laws only for African Americans. These codes include gun control. Later on, when Black Codes were deconstitutionalized and racial

Marketing Report and research (mobile phones) Paper

Marketing Report and (mobile phones) - Research Paper Example For the primary data gathering and analysis, a questionnaire was designed and survey conducted. The data gathered from the survey was then analysed. From the analysis it was derived that a mobile phone which includes computing as well and is priced low is the need of the hour, mainly for foreign nationals residing in Australia. To further strengthen this conclusion, industry/ competitor’s analysis and PESTL was also done. The above mentioned analysis also yielded favourable results. The next step was to work on the SWOT of the organization and decide the marketing mix. It is found that organization is strong in technology and pricing but suffers from the lack of a brand image as of now. To overcome this brand positioning was also decided. Main challenge that confronted the students, while preparing this report, was during the primary research phase. Seeking cooperation, from what constituted the sample, and urging them to give correct answers to the questions was time intensive exercise. Nevertheless, it definitely enabled the students to realize the hard ground realities. It gave a feel of what real marketing is like and was definitely an enjoyable experience inspite of all the hardships. After going through the process of new product conceptualization and development, it is realized that launching a multi technology device (MTD) for foreign nationals residing in Australia would be profitable venture. MTD is a combination of mobile phone and computing technologies. As per the forecast on the basis of past trends in the Australian telecom industry at least 35% international students, 30% households and atleast 10% of the 18-65 age bracket people would purchase the MTD. Since SWOT, PESTL, primary research and secondary research all point to the viability of the project, it is recommended to go ahead with the new product concept of launching the mobile phone based on the research undertaken by the students. The

Chromium and Selenium Concentration in Cancer

Chromium and Selenium Concentration in Cancer The ratio between chromium and selenium concentration among various age groups of cancer group has also been studied and it shown in table 5.48, and it has been observed that all groups of cancer patients present somewhat similar ratio of chromium and selenium concentration in their blood. Moreover, the concentration balance of chromium and selenium has conspicuously been disturbed as it illustrated in table 5.49. For instance, the breast cancer mortalities in various countries were studied and ascertained a direct correlation with the estimated dietary intake of zinc, chromium and cadmium and inversely proportional to the concentration of selenium (238). The summary of stage wise distribution for chromium and selenium has been illustrated in Table 5.50 and it observed that all four stages of cancer patients present a sort of consistency in chromium and selenium proportion in the blood of cancer patients as shown in Table 5.51. In view of this fact, it may be elucidated that the demarcation among various stages of cancer is arbitrary division and this periphery does not present any association of stages with the distribution-ratio of chromium and selenium in the blood of cancer patients. However, the reduction of 0.064 Â µg ml-1 of selenium concentration in the blood of cancer patients corresponds to more than 52 % decrease as compared to the selenium level in the blood of control group. These variations in concentration may be the result of the disease of cancer however the type of cancer does not influence the levels of selenium in the blood of cancer patients. However, the significant decrease in selenium concentration in whole blood and plasma has been observed in another study where the tannery workers were exposed to chromium compounds and have shown a considerably lower selenium concentration in their blood and they excreted lower amount of selenium in their urine as compared to the worker those were not exposed to the chromium. It may confirm the point of view that chromium and selenium have some kind of interaction and biological selenides are formed with chromium and in due course of time they accumulate in some organs. It was also demonstrated that the tannery workers who were exposed to air with high concentrations of chromium compounds at their workplace exhibited significantly higher erythrocyte and plasma GSH-Px activity than workers of other departments (239). Therefore, higher level of selenium stipulates the main function of selenium is to induce and maintain the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which prevents cellular damage by catabolizing organic peroxides (240) The enzyme, SeGSH-Px, catalyzes the oxidation-reduction reaction between reduced glutathione and peroxide. Therefore, the pathological lesions lured with selenium deficiency are considered to be caused by peroxidative damage that is the product of depressed SeGSH-Px activity (241-242). However, once chromium absorbed and retained in biological tissue chromium compounds occur as chromium (III). Glutathione and cysteine seem to be the most important cofactors for the intracellular reduction of chromium (VI) (243). The absorption of metal in the human body is a complex process and depends on various factors including dietary components. About 40% of ingested metal is absorbed in the small intestine (244). Furthermore, a variety of neurodegnerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and neuronal damage caused by stroke and ischemia may be associated with pathological disruption of metal trafficking (245-247). Chromium is potentially toxic and carcinogenic at higher doses. All chromates that exhibit oxidation state (VI) can aggressively enter the cell through channels that are specified for the transfer of isoelectric and isostructural anions, such as SO4-2 and PO4-2. However, the insoluble chromates are engrossed by cells through phagocytosis. As soon as the chromates get inside the cell they are competent enough to generate free radicals immediately. Yet, in the presence of cellular reductants the chromium inside the cell can cause a broad series of DNA lesions such as DNA- protein crosslink, Cr-DNA adducts, DNA-DNA cross links, and oxidative damages. The glutathione quickly reacts with chromium (VI) and forms a complex and generate chromium (V) and chromium (III) through slow reduction of chromium (VI) inside the cell. The chromium (V) and chromium (III) species exhibit the tendency to alter the DNA conformation. The reduction of chromium (VI) can be commenced through GSH, or in the pre sence of other reducing agents. The chromium (V) and chromium (III) can react with H2O2 through Fenton reaction and produce hydroxyl radical (OH) that has the potential to damage DNA. There are evidents that interacellular reduction of chromium (VI) results in extensive formation of Cr-DNA adducts, among which chromium (III) – mediated DNA cross-link of glutathione, cysteine, histidine and ascorbate represent an important group of DNA modifications. Therefore, Cr- DNA adducts are responsible for both the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of chromium. The chromium (VI) is considered as carcinogen for lungs cancer for human (248). Numerous epidemiological studies have been performed for more than 100 years on workers exposed to chromium in order to determine its level of carcinogenicity. Altogether, these studies indicate that exposed individuals have approximately 2- 80 fold increased relative risk of developing lungs cancer (226). On the other hand, an inverse association between serum selenium level and cancer risk is biologically possible. The results of the study indicated that the treatment with selenium improved GPx levels. GPx detoxifies H2O2by reducing it to water. It also protects cytosolic organelles from oxidative damage by preventing lipid peroxidation. Selenium could reduce oxidative stress through antioxidant selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase, selenoprotein P, and thioredoxin reductase. (249-250). There are numerous promising possibilities that may be presented as an account for the observed variations for selenium in whole blood levels associated with malignant disease, as compared to healthy and control group (251). It includes chemotherapeutic-induce necrosis, which could release selenium from tissues into the circulation, preferential sequestration by tumor cells (252-253) and alteration of properties of proteins, especially enzymes, at elevated concentration of selenium in tissues (254-255). Furthermore, the possibility of depression in activities of specific enzymes with loss of vital enzyme activity, and impaired tissue function resulting from a selenium-deficient state (256). The depletion of selenium in the blood of cancer patients may suggest its reciprocal accumulation in the malignant tissues in view of the studies (257-261) who have reported higher concentration of selenium in the cancerous and neighboring tissues cells. Availability of excessive selenium in the cancerous cells may be expected to facilitate the synthesis of selenoproteins e.g. Trx, TrxR etc. which are known to provide protection to the tissue cells against the oxidative stress, carcinogens, and help to reduce cancerous cell growth. The results of recent studies (262-264) regarding the diversified multiple functions of selenoproteins has generated tremendous interest in the understanding and elucidation of mechanisms that triggers the role of these proteins from anti-apoptosis in the normal cells to pro-apoptosis in malignant cells. There are numerous studies (265-267), who have proposed different mechanisms to explain the inhibiting effect of selenium on malignant neoplasm; for examp le modulation of cellular division rate, decrease in formation of carcinogenic metabolites or cellular protection by an antioxidant system. It is generally believed that due to the anti oxidative characteristics of selenoproteins, these proteins can protect the cells and DNA from oxidative damage; in addition, these proteins can react with carcinogens directly to save cells and DNA from their lethal actions. It has been suggested (263), that nitrative inactivation of Trx plays a proapoptotic role if the reactive nitrogen species are increased; and antinitrating treatment may have therapeutic value in those diseases, such as myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion, in which pathological apoptosis is increased. The situation is reversed in malignant tissue cells where apoptosis is beneficial for the inhibition of the cell growth. Therefore, in view of the aforementioned studies, it is possible that the pathological conditions in which production of nitrogen species is increased that may favo r the inactivation of Trx and therefore enhance the apoptotic role of this selenoprotein. A kinetic study of the reaction of NO and O2 in aqueous solutions, based on pH indicator, has been performed by using stopped-flow spectrometry. The results of these studies have shown that at physiological concentrations of O2 and NO, the auto- oxidation of NO does not limit its diffusion from the site of production in endothelial cells to a spatially removed target molecule such as guanylate cyclase in myocytes and platelets. A Trx interacting protein Txnip has been reported (31), which inhibit the antiapoptotic activity of Trx where as NO suppresses the expression of Trxnip and enhances the Trx activity, therefore perhaps the oxidative character of Trx in malignant cells as reported in the above mentioned studies may well be interpreted as the inhibition of its antioxidant activity. In different studies (267-268) it has been suggested on the basis of their results that selenite induces apopt osis by producing superoxide ions which activate p53, a well known protein involved in carcinogenesis, which in turn support apoptosis. A key role has been assigned (269), to Trx-2, located in mitochondria, in interaction with electron transport chain, determining tumor necrosis ROS generation, NF- kB activation and apoptosis. Intestines are the main sits where selenium absorption is measured at maximum. In liver selenium joins many other amino acids and generate selenocysteine and selenoproteins. Selenoproteins consist of active form of selenium and are transferred to all over the body. Kidney and liver, however, have higher concentration of selenoproteins. It is reported that a small quantity of selenoproteins are also exist in blood and serum. Furthermore, being a part of selenoproteins the selenium is an essential part of glutathione peroxidae as well that is the reason selenium is believed to be an antioxidant (36). Glutathione plays a role of a protector in the body of an organism and ensnare the balance of free radicals, peroxides and preserves the redox status of the cell (270). In addition, glutathione perxidase provides defense mechanism against free radicals that may cause destruction of cell membrane. The free radicals are generated when hydrogen peroxide produced in the mitochondria of the cell during the regular metabolism. The stress is a foremost cause of excessive production of hydrogen peroxide that sequentially create a disproportion in free radicals inside the cells. Chemical structure of cell membrane comes under the attack of free radicals and gives away their loosely bounded electrons to the free radicals. Consequently, a chemical structure of cell membrane turns into a reactive entity and begins to instigate an electron from adjacent structure and this chain reaction serves to damage the cell membrane causing the cell to die. Proactive role as a safeguard of glutathione peroxidase quickly transform hydrogen peroxide into water a way before it could generate harmful reactive species called free radicals. Another study highlights defense mechanism of vitamin E in which glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E follow a similar pathway in order to discontinue the chain reaction by engaging the free radicals within the cell membrane. Therefore, it is an effective combination of selenium and vitamin E that can control the production of free radicals and prevent the damage of cell membranes as well as DNA and other cellular structures (270).

Contemporary Societys Crisis of Masculinity Essay -- Papers Men Mascu

Contemporary Society's Crisis of Masculinity Works Cited Not Included Masculinity is the word used to describe the broad stereotyped traits traditionally ascribed to all males in British society and the notion of how men should appear and behave. It is more accurate to refer to 'masculinities', to reflect the complexity and diversity of masculinity today. There are important differences made between 'hegemonic' and 'subordinate' masculinities; hegemonic masculinity is the dominant western image - white, heterosexual and middle class, subordinate the diverse masculinities - homosexual men, black men and the working class. David Beckham is a modern icon who has expressed and challenged some of the dominant assumptions of masculinity and identity. He is a talented and committed footballer yet his experiments with fashion and his posing for shoots are taken by some as an affront to the conventionalities of traditional masculine behaviour. Rutherford stated that 'the reality of men's heterosexual identities is that their endurance is contingent upon an array of structures and institutions'. He believes that if these structures are threatened or weakened then masculine identities can be threatened or weakened. Rutherford thinks that five changes have undermined the male dominance of certain structures and institutions. These changes are 1) working-class masculinities threatened by the decline of heavy manual industry. Male unemployment has risen while female employment has increased. 2) Violent and sexual abuse of women and children has become more widely publicised and less tolerated. 3) Men's roles within the family have been questioned.... ... genuine rise in male dissatisfaction for which there are numerous causes. The growing assertiveness of women and the lack of women prepared to be the property of patriarchal men. Male power is being overthrown. There may be a crisis of masculinity, but 'Men still outnumber women in positions of power across the globe, still glower downwards through the glass ceiling, still strut the cabinet and boardrooms in every developed country in the world, the seeming masters of their fate and everybody else's. In the developing world the situation is even more unequal. The gender disparity in sharing the burden of unpaid work is stark, and for all the talk of equality women throughout the world continue to work longer hours than men and are paid very much less for it. The colonists are still in command.' (Clare, 2000)

African Americans since 1865 Essay

It happens to be common knowledge that throughout history African Americans have been oppressed, segregated, and disregarded as civil human beings. In the dawn of history Africans were regarded as animals and as such they would do the job of animals, however this paper will look at their sacrifices and fights to be treated as equals. The abolishment of slavery brought on a war, not between two countries but a war that divided a country, one that is still spoken of today. The southern or â€Å"rebel† states rose against the President of the United States in retaliation of his and many others view that no man woman or child should be a slave. All people were created equal. Africans in politics Although four million African American slaves were now free they had codes placed against them, the Black Codes restricted the lives and movement of these people. In order to override the codes the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were drafted and passed. Not only was slavery abolished but all slaves were now citizens and in such race could no longer be used to prevent the vote of a person. Africans now had a voice on who was elected and soon they had African Americans running for government offices. Corbould, C. (2009) Becoming African Americans: Black Public Life in Harlem, 1919-1939 Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA, USA Harlem Renaissance African Americans soon were cast aside again, during the age of imperialism and leading into World War One Africans were struggling to make a life. Some fought in another war, this time not for their freedom but for the freedom from communism alongside their white counterparts. After the war ended blacks started to come together, the Harlem Renaissance was born. King, M. L. Jr. (2010) Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. Beacon Press. Boston, MA, USA Black power movement 1954 to 1963 America saw a strong struggle for the advancement of civil rights, equality and desegregation. From every day citizens expressing their belief in being equal to their white counterparts to lawyers fighting for the equality all had deserved. These times were pivitol in an unstable America. Not only were there these movements of civil equality and black power but also a war in a far land that many Americans were against at the time. Inventions and impact From writers, inventors and powerful leaders throughout black history there are some that are household names and some that may be forgotten. I plan on taking a look back on those who through oppression continued to strive for better for themselves and for all. African Americans today Not long ago segregation was prominent, civil rights were abused, racism and hate were common. Today we have CEO’s, congressmen and senators, military leaders and the President of the United States who are all African Americans. No longer considered a minority in many’s eyes, African Americans have literally built themselves from slaves to leaders and teachers.

The Four Agreements

The Four Agreements The Four Agreements After reading The Four Agreements by Don Miguel Ruiz I realized I’ve been living dreams of other people in my life and not my own. It was decided early on what I should do, what’s possible and what’s not. Starting at birth we are told what to think by our parents, schools, and church. Subconsciously, we have made agreements with them to live our life according to their rules. Don Miguel believes that these agreements are self-limiting and shares four agreements that if we adapt into our lives we will reach true peace and happiness.The book made so much sense to me, but the hard part is to actually commit to living out the four agreements. In short, the four agreements are listed below: Be impeccable with your words. Speak with integrity and say what you mean. Use the power of your word in the direction of truth and love. Avoid gossip and remember words do hurt. Dictionary. com definition of impeccable is â€Å"incapable of sin† and a sin is something you do or believe that goes against you. At this point of my life I try to be nothing but the truth and I’ve learned from past experiences not to gossip about others because I understand the emotional power of words.This agreement states that one should speak with integrity and by being impeccable with yourself will in return reflect in your life and world around you. I pride myself on usually keeping my word. Don’t Take Anything Personally. Get over yourself – it’s not about you. What others say and do is a projection of their own reality, their own dream. When you are immune to the opinions and actions of others, you won’t be the victim of needless suffering. I remember a time in my life when someone said something about me and it meant more than what I thought and knew new to be true about myself.Over the years I’ve learned that what someone else thinks and/or says about me no longer matters. One day I w oke up and I said to myself â€Å"I’m taking back my power over me. † I guess that day I made an agreement with myself not to let what others think dictate my life. I finally realized that people will talk about you whether you’re doing good or bad. Don’t Make Assumptions. Find the courage to ask questions and to express what you really want. Communicate with others as clearly as you can to avoid misunderstanding, sadness and drama.With just this one agreement, you can completely transform your life. We make assumptions because we need explanations (to our questions) to address what’s going on in our own minds. The mind is a powerful thing and our minds have different voices and personality that can create a lot of confusion. When I make assumptions there is always conflict that follows. I know now that through communication we can arrive to resolution. This agreement rings true for me and has caused disappointment and sadness in my life to be at a point in my life that I can ask for what I want.Always Do Your Best. Your best is going to change from moment to moment; it will be different when you are healthy as opposed to sick. Under any circumstance, simply do your best and you will avoid self-judgment, self-abuse and regret. I don’t always feel as if I did my best—I never have, too. In this agreement I know it mentions that your best is going to change from moment to moment. I would like to experience my best more often. To truly give my best I have to be moved in some kind of spiritual way.That is the only time I feel as if I’m doing something I want versus something I have to do. The more my life is shifting into trying to live more in the moment I’ve realized the more I do my best and the better I become. Three years ago I went into my personal dream(s) and started changing my agreements. I began to embark on a journey of self-healing. It was purely about finally living in peace, openly and fr eely, but first I needed to revisit some old childhood wounds that had been holding me hostage my entire life.I began to pray daily in preparation to deal with the many demons that resides inside me. If I had kept the agreements given to me by my household and neighborhood while growing up, I would be in a mental institution or dead. As a child, I had no choice about what agreements that were instilled in me, but now I can create my own. I feel as if I’m living an impeccable life and am being true to the disciplines of a Toltec Warrior. http://archpsyc. ama-assn. org/cgi/content/abstract/68/1/33

Save money for the weekend. Perfect strategies

Save money for the weekend. Perfect strategies 5 simple ways to save money on a night out We know that staying up late is a necessary part of student life, but we do not blame you. Having analyzed the perfect party strategy for both undergraduates and seniors, we’ve found out there are ways you can save money and still be able to socialize with friends when Friday comes. Stock up on carbs. If buying expensive food, filled with carbs, is your guilty pleasure, try stocking up on kebabs and burgers beforehand. That hot dog may seem like a good idea once you are at a party, but you do not know the real price of a thing, or whether you really need it at this very moment. You may also want to have a snack right before the party, so you don’t gobble up food once you are there. It is highly inadvisable to sip on your drinks on an empty stomach, as it may cause indigestion later, when you are coming home with your friends and college mates from uni. Prepare food ahead of time. You may want to eat a horse right after you come back from a party, so we recommend a few slices of pizza to be bought beforehand, so you won’t have to wake up your dorm to the sound of fire alarm! Nobody wants to become the guy who is setting the place on fire because he is too tired to make the dinner properly. In case you know you are going to be hungry upon return, stock up on pre-prepared foods the night before. Turn up early. Students don’t have an opportunity to pay high entry fees, so it would be a good move to come to the club when there is no one around. We know it sounds ridiculous to hit the place with only a couple of dudes at the bar, but believe us, you would be really thankful when it’s finally midnight and you have the privilege of paying a reduced price for your entry ticket. Besides, you can always tell your friends it was you who started all the action on the dance floor! Act like a celebrity. If you don’t want to pay for your entry ticket, try to interact with the party headliners and butter them with the promises of a packed dance floor and your crazy friends bringing cash into their pockets. They are usually very careful about maintaining a perfect reputation, so they will definitely sort you out among other students and provide your group with a VIP card to make the evening more pleasurable. There might be some kind of face control at the entrance of the club, so distinguishing a familiar face or two won’t hurt. Set a budget. Though we may have different incomes and side jobs, setting a party budget will help you control the costs and come home early if you hit your credit card maximum. Now, they have prepaid options and mobile applications that allow you to monitor your money waste. Once you reach a certain limit and can spend no more, the program sends a direct message to your phone and you now it’s time to get going. We may sound like helicopter parents now, but checking on your credit card from time to time can save you money and help pay off your student loan in the future. When you are in the center of social life at the university and feel like the heart and soul of the company, it may be hard to observe, but you will certainly thank yourself later, when it’s time to cover the costs and make an annual payment.

Jews and the State essays

Jews and the State essays Since the birth of Christ, the relationship among Jews and Christians and the state has radically shifted from one end of the spectrum to the other. Since its inception, Christianity had been the religion coping with intolerance from the Jews and the state, yet as time progressed the attitude toward Jewry turned for the worse. As more Christian rulers came into power, laws and regulations turned against those Jews who had once turned against those supporting Christ. Not until after the medieval ages did the states position on Jews begin to loosen up again. This is not to say that time would heal all problems. In truth, time simply brought a change. Social and economic structure developed over the centuries, and some restrictions on Jews were abandoned while still others were just being formed. Treatment of the Jews varied greatly from region to region. The Age of Enlightenment would bring changes that would finally have a long-standing impact on the Jewish community. The Middle Ages began poorly for the Jews of Europe. In the early fourth century, it was inconceivable to separate church and state. In fact, religion played an important role in the government until well after the Reformation. Constantine, the first Roman Emperor to limit the rights of the Jews in the Holy Roman Empire, disallowed any Jews from becoming missionaries for their faith or displaying any form of anger against Christians (Marcus 3). Twenty years later, Constantius forbade marriage between Jewish men and Christian women, and that law was later expanded to deny all marriages between Christians and Jews. In addition, Jews were no longer allowed to possess slaves. In 439, Theodosius II allowed only Christians to hold any public office that would give honor (4). Theodosius did, however, allow Jews to hold offices that were known to lead to financial decline. In addition, as an attempt to prevent Christians from converting to Judaism, Theo...

Celebrity Privacy

How do you feel about celebrities and their privacy? Can you imagine being watched by reporters everyday of your life? Once celebrities reach a certain level of fame, their private lives become the topic of discussion among their fans and foes. Privacy is not guaranteed among famous people due to them constantly being stalked by the paparazzi and their fans. I feel reporters and the paparazzi should respect celebrities right to privacy because at the end of the day they are normal people who are just known by the world that come with the fame and fortune. Celebrities are always being watched because of their fame and fortune. Everything they do from what they eat, what they wear, even their exercise routine is criticized by reporters and foes. According to the Huffington Post, their are two types of reporters. There are red carpet event reporters who are invited to the event and allowed to photograph the celebrities. Then you have the paparazzi, which are the reporters who stalk celebrities and photograph them without their consent. Britney Spears is a good example of why reporters need to back off of celebrities. Back in 2009, she attacked a reporter’s car with a umbrella. At the time of the incident, Britney was in the middle of going to rehab to get her life together. This reporter was very lucky because Britney could have hit him with umbrella instead of his car. Sometimes reporters go too far, when in contact with celebrities. A more recent incident is with Kanye West. Kanye West attacked the same reporter who was in a similar accident with Britney Spears. West was walking through the airport minding his own business, until these one reporter constantly asks him questions. There is a video of the incident, where you can hear the reporter asking Kanye questions. He didn’t respond to the reporter tactics until the end when he pushed he that the reporter was just trying to get a law suit then he pushed the camera and the fight began. As a writer, I can understand what reporters go through when they want to deliver a great story or article. Some reporters take it to the extremes in order to catch celebrities in compromising positions. For example, New York Daily News reporters have captured celebrities at their worst moments. Fans and viewers want to see their idols and favorite people looking good and doing normal things. Reporters have been known to go to some major extremes to capture photographs. Christina Aguilera was photographed doing a singing engagement while her menstrual cycle was on. She is pictured with blood running down her leg. Even when celebrities think the cameras are not on them, they are. Amanda Bynes was seen to be taking drugs while sitting in her car. Can you imagine how much criticism and disrespect she may have endured from people seeing that photo? Reporters catch celebrities some of the simplest things such as getting a wedgie out, picking their nose or even a wardrobe malfunction. Adam Sandler was captured getting boogers out of his nose while Zac Efron was photographed with his hand down his pants. In my opinion, reporters make a big deal about the smallest things when a celebrity does it due to their status and fame. There are very few magazines out there that actually show and embrace celebrities doing normal things without criticizing them. Glamour Magazine has captured celebrities buying groceries, shopping and having lunch,, normal activities. Celebrities have families and loved ones just like we do. There are times when reporters catch them spending time with their families. I feel there should be a boundary when it comes to celebrities’ family members. Talking about the celebrities its one thing but when reporters start talking about their children, spouse and parents, its gone too far. A perfect example of when reporters should have not been in celebrities â€Å"more† personal lives is when they questioned Beyonce actually being pregnant. There were stories that she had a surrogate mother and faked her pregnancy. I feel the reporters crossed the line when publishing those articles because it hurts when people talk about you, but when they bring in your loved ones, it hurts even more. Reporters should not have the right to write articles about celebrities that focus on their personal lives such as pregnancies, deaths, illnesses, even debt. Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown was a prime example of how reporters should have not be allowed to write and photograph some parts of their lives. For example, they should not have been allowed to write articles about Whitney and Bobby’s frequent drug use. That should have been something that was kept out of the public eye and only to those in their inner circles. There are many new television shows that focus on celebrities and their lives. Some of these reality shows show fans that their favorite people are not always sweet and innocent but can be disrespectful and uncaring. The top reality television shows include Jersey Shore, Love and Hip Hop, Real Housewives of Atlanta and many more. Fans get to see their favorite people in a comfortable environment and interacting with other people. Housewives of Atlanta, is a show based in Atlanta following six woman lives. Kandi Burruss is one of my favorite celebrities on the show. She is a very independent woman who takes care of her family by making her own music and she’s also an entrepreneur. On the show, she has been battling with the media concerning her mother and her fiance relationships. Kandi is one of the few celebrities who strays away from always been in the spotlight. She loves her privacy and doesn’t do anything to cause reporters to want to stalk or plaster her business over magazine covers. Celebrities should be granted privacy because at the end of the day, they are still normal people just like we are. Reporters and paparazzi should respect celebrities wishes when they voice their concern about respecting their families. Photographing and criticizing celebrities is one thing but doing it to their children and families has crossed the line. Celebrities are normal people at the end of the day. Just like normal people they make mistakes that can deter their life for a moment but always learn from it. The paparazzi and celebrities have secrets just like normal people do. According to the AskMen. com, celebrities sometimes release their daily schedule in order for them to be photographed by reporters. Celebrities release their schedules to reporters in order for them to photographed and kept in the public eye. To viewers it seems like they are being stalked by reporters but that is not always the case. For example, Paris Hilton is one of the few celebrities who has given her schedule to reporters because she wanted to be photographed in order to stay in magazines and on viewers minds. Some celebrities have acknowledged the fact that their private lives isnt always a guarantee. It is possible for celebrities to keep their private lives a secret and still remain famous. For example, the singer Adele is a very private person who enjoys the limelight but also loves spending time with her family. She stays hidden from the paparazzi and magazines so well that her son’s name has never been revealed to the public.

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Assignment 2 - Essay Example In UK reading habit is addicted by the great unwashed. If Company advertise their services in the newspapers there can be two benefits first people read more newspaper as compare to listen radio and secondly, if they require to revise or giving consultation for that advertisement can access that easily. Here are some work sample with graphs and histograms to show that Yes! My point of view of advertising in newspapers is more effective than that to listen radio. At first we will show the descriptive statistics, which means explanation of data features in the study. Plane summaries are provided regarding the measures and the sample. With the help of graphic analysis, base for all the qualitative data is provided (William M.K. Trochim, 2006). In the descriptive statistics the news has a maximum number up to 12 thousand, whereas the radio maximum value is up to 11 thousand. The result again emphasizes my analysis that advertisement in newspapers is much more effective than radio. The data taken is about 45 values whose mean value again emphasizes on newspapers. Today the second evidence will be accepted from the boxplot values as we have withdrawn from these above taken values and will demonstrate how the newspaper advertisement is much safer and more effective than listen to the wireless. A technique to summarize the data which is measured on the interval scale is the boxplot. The shape of the distribution is expressed by this type of graph. Most extremes values of the set of data, its variability and central values are presented by the picture (Valerie J. Easton and John H. McColls 1998). If we examine the boxplot graph closely, we can catch the radio box and its upper limit is less than 9000 value, whereas the news box and its upper value are above 9000. Which clearly implies that newspapers upper limit is high that to radio. This again justifies my point and analysis techniques as well. The boxplot and the

Applied science Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Applied science Report - Research Paper Example While clinical science includes a scientific component, it also includes aspects of care such as communication and knowledge, acquired through interaction in the health care environment. Clinical science is distinguished from medical practice, in that it includes experiences and knowledge gained through interaction, as well as relevant data surrounding clinical issues. Daniels & Powell (2006) define clinical science as â€Å"the contributions of scientific disciplines to health promotion and the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease through the development, communication and application of new knowledge.† The definition does not suggest, however, the existing knowledge and experiences are cast aside, in preference of more current findings. It implies that existing knowledge, experience and data can be used to further advance or develop new methods of inquiry and new approaches for the clinical setting. Two topics of interest in clinical science today are those of exer cise and sports psychology. Exercise is an increasingly important topic, as more Americans face health issues, due to sedentary lifestyles. Benefits of regular exercise are linked to longevity and holistic wellbeing of a person. Sports psychology is an important topic, as it provides insight into how top athletes develop and how they are able to become the best and fiercest competitors. This report will investigate how a physical activity program and visualization techniques can be coupled, to improve overall fitness. â€Å"Numerous athletes are turning towards mental imagery to take their game to the next level† (Plessinger, 2011). Understanding how athletes use imagery can help those who adopt a regular exercise program achieve the results they desire. Research Method The method of research used for this report is inquiry into current literature on both the benefits of regular exercise and the benefits of visualization in exercise. Data collected from literature includes sc ientific journals on exercise and sports performance, with the inclusion of reports available on the internet, which focus on health benefits of exercise and the benefits of visualization in sports. Key words used to find relevant literature include visualization in sports, benefits of regular exercise, mental imagery in sports, science in exercise and use of mental imagery in competition. The databases used for journal articles are Academic Search Premier, for articles in Journal of Sports Behavior and Ebscohost, for Journal of Physiological Anthropology. Ebscohost is also used for the Book by Carol W. Kraak and Vivica I. Articles pertaining to sports performance were also obtained directly from the Vanderbilt University, Psychology Department website and from the University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine site. Findings Physical Exercise With realization on benefits of regular exercise comes the pressure of incorporating exercise program into already over-crowded and busy dai ly routines. This means that maximal benefits are sought under the shortest span possible, predisposing one to risk of injury and chronic fatigue. Therefore, there is need to formulate a proper working out program. It is of great importance that before commencing an exercise program, one should consult with a clinical physician or a qualified sports physician. This takes

MULTINATIONAL CORP-EVOL & CUR ISSUE Movie Review - 2

MULTINATIONAL CORP-EVOL & CUR ISSUE - Movie Review Example As the financial crisis got worse, the Federal Reserve took unusual and unparalleled actions to re-establish financial stability. Unemployment rate continued to rise until mid-2003, as the United States economy was rebounding from a small recession in 2001. The Federal Reserve was worried that the economy would slide into recession so they kept the federal funds rate very low. The rate reached 1 percent by mid-2003 (Labonte and Makinen 9). As the economy began to expand and prices began to increase, the federal funds rate was increased to 5.25 percent by mid-2006. According to Labonte: It is now argued by some economists that the financial crisis was, at least in part, due to Federal Reserve policy to ensure that the then-ongoing expansion continued. In particular, critics now claim that the low short-term rates were kept too low for too long after the 2001 recession had ended, and this caused an increased demand for housing that resulted in a price bubble (Labonte and Makinen 9). The economy was more and more susceptible to changes in short-term interest rates largely due to the move to floating interest rate mortgages from fixed interest rate financing for housing. The Chairman of the Federal Reserve Benjamin Bernanke stated that the low home mortgage rates were largely caused by a glut in global savings. Bernanke went on the say that the Federal Reserve had little control over these savings due to constraints in the regulatory framework. The Federal Reserves later policy of tightening monetary policy was to burst the housing bubble, claim critics. The critics further suggest that lax lending standards, which were regulated by the Federal Reserve, also contributed to the crisis. The subsequent increase in bank leverage ratios meant that they could borrow more overnight and create collateralized debt obligation (subprime loans) in the securitization chain. When the housing bubble burst, it led to a

Discussion forum in English II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion forum in English II - Essay Example r it is a story, poem or a novel has the power to evoke ‘mental representation of an object or action that can be known by one or more of the senses† (Schakel & Ridl 552). There are a number of verbal images in Maxine Kumin’s poem â€Å"The Sound of the Night† that describe the sights and sound of night at a Lakeshore cottage which appeal to the mind’s eye and ear of the reader. The first stanza of the poem offers the reader with the images of birds, bats and the fat frogs. The image of the birds crowding the trees and making the air â€Å"thick with their vesper cries† is appealing. The image of the bats with their â€Å"seven-pointed Kites† is outstanding; strong verbs such as ‘squeak’, ‘chirp’, ‘dip’ and ‘slum’ add to the image of the bats and such words appeal both to the reader’s senses of sight and hearing. However, the image that stands out in the first stanza as well as in the whole poem is that of the image of the fat frogs. The phrases that describe the fat frogs-â€Å"wake and prink wide lipped†, â€Å"noisy as ducks†, drink on the bo ozy black†, and â€Å"gloating chink chunk†- are the best in the poem (Schakel & Ridl 552). The reader can clearly draw the picture of the fat frogs in his/her mind and can experience their noise that resembles the ducks. However, a good reader can go beyond these images to find the implied connotations in all these images. It is important to understand the voice and tone of the narrator in a story or a poem. One should keep in mind the fact that even in first personal poems the ‘I’ in the poem is not always the author or someone who is quite identical to him. The ‘I’ in the poem could be â€Å"a character separate and different from the author† (Schakel & Ridl 571). Charles Bukowski’s poem â€Å"My Old Man† narrates the relationship between a father and the son and the reader understands from the second stanza of the poem that Henry is the narrator of the poem and that he is not a persona of

Sodium sulfite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sodium sulfite - Essay Example 001) Sodium Sulfite is used for preserving meat, sea food, biscuit dough and preventing food discoloration in wines, light colored fruits and vegetables such as dried apples and dehydrated potatoes. According to Magnuson (1997) the definition adopted by the United States government a food additive is "any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result directly or indirectly in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food." According to this definition any substance that is used in the process of preserving, packaging, storing, treatment and transportation are referred to as food additives. Additives are divided into two categories, direct and indirect. Direct additives are the ones that are added to the food for some particular purpose. Indirect additives are the ones that become part of food during processing, packaging and storing. In that case sodium sulfite comes in the category of direct additives since it is purposely added to the food for preservation and preventing discoloration. According to the Magnuson (1997) additives are used in food for five main purposes. They are for maintaining product consistency, to increase or preserve nutritional value, to preserve palatability and wholesomeness, to provide alkalinity and to improve the flavor or preserving color. Sodium Sulfite is added to the foods as an antioxidant for preservation and preventing discoloration. It acts as an antimicrobial agent in wine making since it does not disturb the development of yeast and inhibits bacterial growth. Its concentration in finished wine is calculated to be up till 6mmol/L (Mitsuhashi et al, 2001). There are certain rules and regulations related to the use of sulfites in food. FDA has disallowed the use of sulfites in foods that are rich in thiamin, for example enriched flour since it destroys the thiamin. In general majority of the people have no problem with the normal consumption of sulfite.

MULTINATIONAL CORP-EVOL & CUR ISSUE Movie Review - 2

MULTINATIONAL CORP-EVOL & CUR ISSUE - Movie Review Example As the financial crisis got worse, the Federal Reserve took unusual and unparalleled actions to re-establish financial stability. Unemployment rate continued to rise until mid-2003, as the United States economy was rebounding from a small recession in 2001. The Federal Reserve was worried that the economy would slide into recession so they kept the federal funds rate very low. The rate reached 1 percent by mid-2003 (Labonte and Makinen 9). As the economy began to expand and prices began to increase, the federal funds rate was increased to 5.25 percent by mid-2006. According to Labonte: It is now argued by some economists that the financial crisis was, at least in part, due to Federal Reserve policy to ensure that the then-ongoing expansion continued. In particular, critics now claim that the low short-term rates were kept too low for too long after the 2001 recession had ended, and this caused an increased demand for housing that resulted in a price bubble (Labonte and Makinen 9). The economy was more and more susceptible to changes in short-term interest rates largely due to the move to floating interest rate mortgages from fixed interest rate financing for housing. The Chairman of the Federal Reserve Benjamin Bernanke stated that the low home mortgage rates were largely caused by a glut in global savings. Bernanke went on the say that the Federal Reserve had little control over these savings due to constraints in the regulatory framework. The Federal Reserves later policy of tightening monetary policy was to burst the housing bubble, claim critics. The critics further suggest that lax lending standards, which were regulated by the Federal Reserve, also contributed to the crisis. The subsequent increase in bank leverage ratios meant that they could borrow more overnight and create collateralized debt obligation (subprime loans) in the securitization chain. When the housing bubble burst, it led to a

Sodium sulfite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sodium sulfite - Essay Example 001) Sodium Sulfite is used for preserving meat, sea food, biscuit dough and preventing food discoloration in wines, light colored fruits and vegetables such as dried apples and dehydrated potatoes. According to Magnuson (1997) the definition adopted by the United States government a food additive is "any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result directly or indirectly in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food." According to this definition any substance that is used in the process of preserving, packaging, storing, treatment and transportation are referred to as food additives. Additives are divided into two categories, direct and indirect. Direct additives are the ones that are added to the food for some particular purpose. Indirect additives are the ones that become part of food during processing, packaging and storing. In that case sodium sulfite comes in the category of direct additives since it is purposely added to the food for preservation and preventing discoloration. According to the Magnuson (1997) additives are used in food for five main purposes. They are for maintaining product consistency, to increase or preserve nutritional value, to preserve palatability and wholesomeness, to provide alkalinity and to improve the flavor or preserving color. Sodium Sulfite is added to the foods as an antioxidant for preservation and preventing discoloration. It acts as an antimicrobial agent in wine making since it does not disturb the development of yeast and inhibits bacterial growth. Its concentration in finished wine is calculated to be up till 6mmol/L (Mitsuhashi et al, 2001). There are certain rules and regulations related to the use of sulfites in food. FDA has disallowed the use of sulfites in foods that are rich in thiamin, for example enriched flour since it destroys the thiamin. In general majority of the people have no problem with the normal consumption of sulfite.

Theme of outsiders Essay Example for Free

Theme of outsiders Essay Probably the first indication of the theme of outsiders is the arrival of heathcliff to Wuthering heights as a child. Old Mr. Earnshaw returns to his family from a trip to Liverpool with the child as a gift from god but the more liked observation is the childrens remark of him as a gipsy brat and a dirty ragged black-haired child. Catherine and Hindley immediately dislike the outsider mainly because the presents which their father had promised had been either crushed or lost on the way home . Mrs. earshaw too is appalled at the idea of having to feed him and clothe him as well. He is considered an outsider more than any other character in the novel because, well because he is! , metaphorically and literally. He is then reduced to the status of a servant or in other words he has been turned into a pariah-an outcast, when Earnshaw died and passed Wuthering heights to Hindley. He drove him from their company to the servants, depriving him of the instructions of the curate, and insisted that he should labour out of doors instead. When heathcliff and Cathy were caught at Thrushcross Grange , laughing at the lintons they were both considered social outsiders to Thrushcross Grange, even though Cathy isnt, they two together were because they were foreigners. The residents launched a bull dog at the pair which is the ultimate sign of unwelcomeness and inhospitability. Heathcliff was accused of being a theif almost instantaneously for the way he looks, which was an out-and-outer. The role of the outsider should not be overlooked because the setting of Wuthering Heights is one of complete isolation. The moors connecting Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange serve a double purpose linking the two households while still separating them from the village and all others. This isolated setting is important for Brontes combination of realism and gothic symbolism. Living beyond the bounds of society means that the outsider, whoever it may be is seen as a suspicious and threatening entity, someone who has to be excluded or isolated for the good of the society at . this is an example of how the outsider has now become the enemy and a threat to society and yet still occupies a position of vulnerability. Isolation is a concept of utter importance in all gothic novels and is closely linked to the idea of the outsider. This is very easy to see in novels such as Dracula with the secluded castle on the mountain tops or Frankenstein in the far end of the arctic. And so Bronte is actually forced to use this symbolism and create a desolate world for her characters . This is also an indication of how Bronte was brought up, in Emilys whole life the only places she favoured to go to were her the moors and her home, Emilys isolation and unsociability also affected her story. The setting of the novel is only limited to two dwellings Wuthering heights and Thrushcross grange and moors around them and the only nearby village is gimmerton which is rather far from both dwellings. Lockwoods first impression of the place is in all England, I do not believe that I could have fixed on a situation so completely removed from the stir of society this indicates the extent to which Wuthering heights stands alone and isolated this is somewhat symbolic for it distances the cruel, barbarous and bizarrely excessive events from everyday life. It also shows the helplessness of the victims of these events and their defenselessness since it is very difficult to get help. One of the most outspoken and clearly proving-its-existence quotes is we dont in general take to foreigners here, Mr. Lockwood, unless they take to us first this shows that outsiders are definitely unwelcomed guests and are only to be approved of after they can be trusted and even after they have been taken into guardianship (for example young Heathcliff, Hareton and Linton) they can still be prejudiced and treated infernally. The second example of an outsider in Wuthering heights (after Heathcliff) is of course Isabella linton she has been taken out of her home at thrushcross grange and moved to the outsider status in Wuthering heights she writes (to nelly dean) youll not be surprised ,Ellen, at my feeling particularly cheerless, seated in worse than solitude, on that inhospitable hearth . Isabella also becomes an outsider to her own brother, Edgar as soon as she elopes with Heathcliff and bears his child. She is left homeless since the residents of her new home treat her as an unwelcomed guest and her brother wont take to her either Hereafter she is only my sister in name; not because I disown her, but because she has disowned me. . This can be seen from another point of view, Isabella has become an outsider simpy because she has married one. The third and final example is of course, Hareton linton he has been born into a house lacking of love or any feeling to nurture him into growing up into a healthy young man, but he is then introduced to Catherine who rather tames him in a way and bringing his illiterate, ignorant self to an end. He is turned into an outsider ever since he was taken under Heathcliffs care, or in this case lack of it. Heathcliff degrades hareton and puts him into the same treatment he has been through (which led him to become an outsider in the past). Hareton lacked education and gentleness and in one instance Heathcliff had to remind him how to act when catherine first visited Dont use any bad words; and dont stare, when the young lady is not looking at you, and be ready to turn your face when she is. The theme of outsiders is also existant in the color purple in many characters. First and foremost Celie she is an outsider in every aspect. When she is at home with her pa being raped and enslaved into working hard and still keeping quite and not fight back whatever happens to her. She is also an outsider to her own self she does not know who she is (I am) and does not understand her body, she becomes an outsider to her 2 children and does not get to know them and hence they become outsiders. Mr____ tries to define her being you black, you pore, you ugly, you a woman. Goddam, you nothing at all but fails since his description is merely superficial but still has a big affect on celies development. Another social outsider in the color purple is of course Shug Avery, in the beginning of the novel she was discriminated against for being well, a slut, hussy, heifer and street cleaner of course people did not consider that as a life choice because of the platitude people at that time had for the role of women especially black women. When Shug Avery became sick nobody in this town wants to take the Queen Honeybee in. Everyone is afraid of her because they believe that Shug has the nasty woman disease. The olinka people are made to be outsiders to the whites that own the land, but have very different lifestyle which cause them to be unwanted. Tashi did not want to marry Adam because she feared she would be discriminated against in America because of the different way she looks and because she is an outsider again both metaphorically and literally.

Preventing Musculoskeletal Disorders in Nurses

Preventing Musculoskeletal Disorders in Nurses Appendices APPENDIX C SECTION 1: ERGONOMIC FOR PREVENTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER Introduction Nurses provide care to physically demanding patient and assist them in mobilization and other activities like bath, feeding etc. Patient handling tasks such as lifting, transferring or repositioning are contributing factors for MSP among nurses particularly the back being most prevalent. These tasks can entail high physical strains due to different body size involved, leaning over a bed or working in cramped postures, supporting patient during gait activities, and many other factors. The risk factors that health care workers face include: Force: the amount of physical effort required to lift or to maintain control of heavy equipment or tools; Repetition: performing same task over and over continually or frequently; and Awkward postures assuming positions that put strain on the body, such as working above shoulder height, kneeling, squatting, leaning over a bed, or twisting the back while lifting. Identifying Problems and Implementing Solutions for patient Lifting and Repositioning Manual handling tasks such as lifting and repositioning can be variable, dynamic, and unpredictable in nature. In addition, factors such as patient self-esteem, safety, and medical contraindications should be taken into consideration. The analysis of any handling task involves an assessment of the requirements and capacities of the patient. The patient assessment should include an analysis of the following factors: The level of cooperation from the patient; The body size and weight of the patient; Any health anomalies that may influence the choice of lifting or repositioning techniques. Repositioning in Chair Description: Variable position Geri chairs When to Use: Repositioning partial- or non-weight-bearing patients who are cooperative. Points to Remember: One caregiver can assist if patient has strength in both upper extremities of arms. If patient cannot assist in self-repositioning on chair, help from at least 2 caregivers and friction reducing device may be required. Ensure that chair is easily adjustable; wheels are freely movable flexible and steer. Lock wheels on chair before repositioning. Remove trays, footrests, and seat belts where appropriate. Ensure device correspond with patient weight. Various Activities of Daily Living and Bedside Assistance Description: Work practices for feeding, dressing and grooming. When to Use: During feeding, dressing, personal hygiene tasks, vital sign assessment, and other bedside assistance. Bedside Assistance: Lower side rails, position patient as close as possible to edge for safety purposes. Sit or stand in front and near to side of patient. Adjust height of tables and electric beds to waist level and place supplies close by to prevent back flexion and bending. Collect supplies in advance and place them on a table that is located perpendicular to the patient. Avoid leaning across patient; rather, move to other side. Carry items close to the body. Provide adaptive equipment that offer independence to patients and reduce assistance from caregiver. Feeding: Chop food into pieces before placing it in front of patient. Dressing and grooming: Ensure that patients feet lie flat on the ground or a stool for stability when sitting. Place feebler limb in pant or sleeve first. Use suitable adaptive equipment for dressing, grooming and oral hygiene. Activities of Daily Living Activity: Administrating medications Description: Low profile medication cart and cartridge pill dispenser When to Use: Dispensing medications. The cart increases precision and lessens time required to perform task. Medications cart: Classify medications according to day and time. Low profile carts with easy side opening drawer are recommended to accommodate hand height of shorter nurses. Cartridge dispenser: Use cartridges with a â€Å"flip top† for drug storage until administered rather than wrapping the doses individually in foil of paper or small container that require more finger forces and a sharp object to break the seal. Bathtub, Shower, and Toileting activities Description: Long-handled extension tools on hand-held showerheads wash or scrub brushes. When to Use: When bathing or showering patients. Points to Remember: These equipments limit the extent of bending, reaching, and twisting required when cleaning feet, legs, and trunk of patients. Patients who are autonomous can also use these devices to facilitate personal hygiene care. Guiding and Slowing Falls Description: Method for guiding and slowing falls. When to Use: When patient is falling. Points to Remember: Utilization of transfer or gait belts may aid nurses in guiding the fall. Grip onto the belt/handles and slowly lower the patient to the floor using proper body mechanics. Reviewing patient assessments and monitoring for signs of weakness are effective strategies of preventing falls. Stand with back straight, tighten stomach muscles, bend legs, and stay adjacent to patient if it practical to do so. Don’t try to stop the fall abruptly as this may increase the risk of injury among nurses. Lifting from the Floor Description: Methods to lift patients from floor When to Use: After a patient fall. Points to Remember: Assess patient for injury prior to lifting and use a powered portable or ceiling-mounted lift device to move patient with minimal assistance. If patient can maintain standing position with minimal assistance, use gait or transfer belt with handles to support patient. If manual assistance is required ensure a team lift are s are available to provide assistance as needed. Use 2 or more caregivers when assisting heavy patients. Stand with back straight, bend legs, and stay near to patient as possible. Ambulation Description: Ambulation assist device When to Use: For patients, who are able to support their body weight, cooperative, need extra security and assistance when ambulating. Increases patient safety and reduces risk of falls during ambulation Points to Remember: Typically needs one caregiver. The device provides assistance to patients as they walk and pushes it along during ambulation. Ensure device is in good working condition with height adjusted correctly before use and rated for the load weight to be lifted. Apply brakes before positioning patient in or releasing patient from device. Implementing solutions for patient lifting and repositioning Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker and provides a means of adaptation to work environment and work practices to prevent injuries. Ergonomic solutions are proposed to reduce musculoskeletal disorders among the staff nurses. The recommended solutions brought forward are not intended to be an exhaustive list, nor do all of them will be used in any given set up. The material signifies a variety of options available that a facility can consider using. Many of the solutions are simple to implement and do not require substantial time or resources such as modification in procedures or equipment. Others may require more significant efforts. The integration of various solutions into hospital management, can lead to beneficial outcome in the long run. Patient and Equipment handling solutions Lateral Transfer Description: Ceiling-mounted device with horizontal frame system or litter When to Use: Moving patients who are totally helpless, non-weight bearing, has other physical impairment, or are very big in size and cannot be safely shifted by staff between 2 horizontal surfaces, such as from bed to stretcher or gurney in supine position. Points to Remember: Motors can be fixed or portable (lightweight). Device can be functioned by hand-held control attached to unit or by infrared remote control. Always ensure lifting device is in good working condition before use and is assessed for the load weight to be lifted. Lateral Transfer Description: Gurneys with transfer devices When to Use: Transferring a partial- or non-weight-bearing patient between 2 horizontal sides, such as from bed to stretcher or gurney in supine position. Points to Remember: Two nurses are required to achieve this type of transfer. Additional assistance may be required depending on patient status, e.g., for heavier or uncooperative patients. Motorized height-adjustable gurneys with built-in slide boards are preferred to those adjusted by crank mechanism to lessen physical effort required by caregiver. Always ensure that lifting device is in good working condition before use and is evaluated for the load weight to be shifted. Ensure wheels on equipment are locked and transfer surfaces are same level to at waist level of caregivers in order to avoid over reached and back flexion Lateral Transfer; Repositioning Description: Air-assist lateral sliding aid; flexible mattress inflated by portable air supply When to Use: Transporting a partial- or non-weight bearing resident between two horizontal sides such as from bed to stretcher or gurney in supine position. It can also be used for repositioning a patient in bed, increase patient well-being and reduces risk of tissue injury during transfer. Points to Remember: Two caregivers are needed to achieve this type of transfer. Additional assistance may be required depending on patient ability, e.g., for heavier or uncooperative patients. Ensure wheels on equipment are locked and transfer surfaces are at level and height that permits nurses to work at waist level to avoid over reach and back flexion. Count down and coordinate the transfer motion between caregivers. Patient Lifting Description: Ceiling-mounted lift device When to Use: Lifting patients who are totally helpless, are partial- or non-weight bearing, very heavy, or have other physical impairment. Transfers from bed to chair (wheel chair, Geri or cardiac chair), chair or floor to bed, or for bathing and toileting. Points to Remember: May need 2 or more nurses. Some patients can use the device quicker than portable device without assistance. Motors can be fixed or portable (lightweight). Device can be activated by hand-held control attached to unit or by infrared remote control. Ensure lifting device is in good working condition before use and is assessed for the load weight to be lifted. Transfer from Sitting to Standing Position Description: Stand-assist devices; can be fixed to bed or chair or be free-standing When to Use: Transferring patients who are able to support their weight and cooperative and can pull themselves up from sitting to standing position. It can be used for independent patients who need extra lift to stand and aid patient independence. Points to Remember: Check that device is constant before use and is evaluated for patient weight to be held. Ensure frame is firmly attached to bed, or if depend on mattress support that mattress is big enough to support the frame. 1

Gcse Arab Israeli Conflict Que :: essays research papers

1. Looking at where this source came from, (a history book), my primary opinion would be that the author should place no blame at all on either parties detailed in his writings. The purpose of a history book is not to put forward the opinions of the writer, but to display the facts and events of the time period in question. However, as is most common nowadays, books such as these can be used by governments as propaganda, and for all I know the author could be extremely biased. Then, the date should give a further clue before any of the material in question has even been read. Although written nine years after the Six Day War of June 1967, this extract can hardly be deemed to have been written in ‘hind sight’, as the hostility between the Arabs and Israelis was still present at the time of its publication. If the author was someone who was not totally impartial, perhaps they had relatives on one of the opposing factions or were themselves members, then in such a time of heated emotions, ones anger might begin to affect the impartiality of your writing, whether deliberate or subconsciously. Upon reading the article, you notice that it is very fairly set out into two sections, the Israelis reasons for going to war, and the Arabs. You are told in the first paragraph that â€Å"the Arab powers were threatening her (Israel) with destruction and were ready to attack her† as well as â€Å"Egypt had already closed the Gulf of Akaba which she knew Israel would regard as an act of war†. Also, the writer states â€Å"Israel could not afford to let the Arabs strike first for she was too weak and too vulnerable†. In the second paragraph, that for the reasons of the Arabs, you are told, â€Å"The Arabs say that Israel should not have been in existence at all†, and that â€Å"Israel had to go to war to save its economy and to ward off political instability†. This all seems very diplomatic, but the first thing that struck me was that Israel had roughly three reasons put forward, as opposed to the Arabs two. The writer says that â€Å"it comes down to whether†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the first paragraph, implying that you should draw your own opinion from the information that he has put forward in his book. I believe that he is trying to sway your opinion to the side of the Israelis by means of clever wording.

Essay --

The background of this case is that a teacher named Kristja J. Falvo had her children attend a school called Owasso Independent School District located in Tulsa Oklahoma. Her children told her that they were too embarrassed to show their work because of a grading practice in their school. What they would do is they would give someone else their homework or test and they would grade each others work and then give them a grade on it. Then after that they would have to call out their grade or say them out loud to the class our say it privately to the teacher. The problem that the Mother was having was that even though they could say their grade bad or good another student from their class would know their grade. So Mrs. Falvo filed a lawsuit on the school for the right of privacy. The lawsuit was filed because Mrs. Falvo felt that her children were embarrassed to show their work to other students even if it was a bad grade that the kids didn't feel confident about. She was afraid that her kids didn't feel as devoted to do their homework, because they knew that the next school day they would have to show how good they did and they don't want that. The other thing is that the kids are also being pressured to do really good on their homework, because the next morning they don't want to feel embarrassed on how bad they did. Her children actually told her that they were embarrassed to show their work. This peer review could lead to very bad problems. It could lead to low self esteem and grow up to someone who is always second guessing themselves. It was a good idea that she filed that lawsuit because the homework checked process was against the child's right to privacy. The argument were that the school district thought that the indi... ...gs and medical instruments for the purpose of doing conception. Anyone who caught doing this is fine or brought to jail or both. Griswold and her Doctor were both fined hundred dollars. So both of them appealed. The ruling was that privacy inside a marriage is off limit to the government. I think this would go under Federal power. I think this because it has to do with the laws. The supreme gathered up to discuss about this case with a leader and they decided on a ruling together. This does infact impact my friends and families. A lot of my friend go to school and my sibling also go to school. Actually we do this same thing in chemistry class except we don’t have any problem about it at least I hope we don’t. Even though this exact problem is not infecting me I still know a lot of people that like to keep their grade hidden and not share them with other people.

Learning Diary Essay

All students from IBS, IT and tourism sat together in the conference room. We were introduced to many friendly tutors and teachers. I was very interested in the speech of Mr Juola- Head of the Rantaviitikka campus. We were also introduced a very useful book called study guide. After finished the class, I decided to created my own library card with my friend’s help. * 4th September 2012: The first look about IBS programme. At 10. 00 am, IBS coordinator-Mrs Anzelika Krastina introduced to IBS12 group of 40 international students. I was satisfied with this introduction because I knew about: study methods, course contents and project work and practical training issues. After lunch, we were introduced to IT & ICT course by Mrs Tuijja Kuisma. We also met IBS11 and IBS10 groups. I had many useful advices from Mrs Tuijja Kuisma. * 5th September 2012: Planning International evening project. From 8. 30-10. 00, we got together with friends from IT and Tourism. They makes me feel like there are no distance between different degree programmes. After that, we continued to discuss about the International evening project. Because we have 40 international students from about 8 different countries so our coordinator decided to divide the class into 4 groups. As a result, we will 4 performances from IBS12 group. After lunch, we came to room c117 to learn about education principles and policies. We were also presented a new study method called: problems based learning. this was a completely new experience for me and I was really excited to start with this study method. * 6th September 2012: A memorable day. We started later than the other days. At 11. 30 am, we gathered at Borealis auditorium to listen to Ms Ritva Ala-Louko, Head of language center talk about the topic called â€Å" Adapting to a new culture †. all the information given was very worthwhile for me because I knew how to adapt to new life, new culture without the help of family. At 13. 00 pm, the new students walked together to the University of Lapland for the information session â€Å"Getting to know Rovaniemi†. The session began with a video about Rovaniemi. It was so funny because I had seen this video when I searched information about Rovaniemi. After that, the presentation was about Finnish Law and Regulations; Permits and Licenses for Foreigners; Rovaniemi Congregation; sport services at RAMK and ULapland. The information provided me a general look about Rovaniemi. * 7th September 2012: Opening ceremony. That day, I got up early to prepare for the opening ceremony. Exactly, all first-year student officially entered the school gates and we were welcome by Mr Martti Lampela-the principal of Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences. We listened his speech and also received some cute gifts from Ramk’s tutors. When the speech finished, the new academic year officially began. After lunch, the student tutors leaded students to the river bank by Pohjanhovi, the venue of traditional Rovaniemi UAS vs University of Lapland rowing test. Although, the RAMK’s team won easily but we had happy moments together. The day culminated in a party at night club Doris. Unfortunately, I was under 18 years old at that time so I could not participate in the party. * 10th september 2012: the first day of academic year 2012-2013. The first class was introduction to IT. Mrs Tuija Kuisma taught us to use the basic computer system in school and some useful tools like: optima, win-hawille as well. I had to keep them in mind because they would related to my future study. After lunch, i continued with †Cross-cultural Man† class. I was confused because Krastina’s voice was quite small. Unfortunately, i sat at the back of class. but i could understand the main point of the lesson. Mrs Krastina also so gave us the information about the Problem Based Learning method. At the end of the day, we did not have to have an English test because it was cancelled. * 11th september 2012: The orientation course and Cross-cultural Man class. The orientation course was about information literacy. We learned to use the e-library to search books, information, ect. We were given a form to fill in to create a library card but i already had this card. The important of the class was to provide students with the knowledge of e-library. After lunch, we studied about teamwork and PBL method in Cross-cultural Man class. in my group, we had to solve a real problem in teamwork. After discusing, we came up with the best solution and we had to write an essay about the importance of teamwork in school for the learning task. In my country, i did not have enough opportunities to work in a team so when i worked in a group i was not confident. I will improve myself in the near future. * 12th september 2012: Knowledge about reference and academic writing. Mrs Johanna made me feel very comfortable because of her enthusiam. She was always ready to help students to finish the reference. In the future, i will write many essays so i have to remind myself to study hard all the time. Pham Xuan Tung.

Outline and Evaluate Infradian Rhythms Including Research Essay

Infradian rhythms are biological rhythms that last for more than 24 hours. They are controlled by the hypothalamus, an endogenous pacemaker which requires input from exogenous zeitgebers so the rhythm can run correctly. An example of an infradian rhythms is the mentstrual cycle. This is controlled by the pituary gland which is an endogenous pacemaker. The pituary gland releases hormones which cause an egg in the ovaries to ripen and produce oestrogen. Whilst it is known to be biological due to its universal nature, there are large individual differences such as the length of time and the age the menstrual cycle begins. Reinberg conducted research into infradian rhythms where a woman spent 3 months in a cave only with dim lighting. Her sleep/wake cycle slightly lengthened whereas her menstrual cycle shortened suggesting that light affects menstrual cycles. However, this is a case study which means it lacks generalisability even more so as there are large individual differences with the menstrual cycle. On the other hand, Russell et al applied female donor’s underarm sweat which has been combined with alcohol to the upper lips of female participants. The menstrual cycles of the participants began to synchronises therefore suggesting that pheromones act as exogenous zeitgebers. Pheromones are biological substances similar to hormones but are secreted into the air and then transmitted to other animals of the same species, or in this case humans, before being absorbed into their bloodstream. However, despite the sample size being small it was a well controlled single blind study meaning that the participants didn’t know what experimental group they were in. McClinock and Stern provided further support for the study when they found pheromones in donor’s sweat affected the recipient’s menstrual cycles, therefore suggesting that exogenous zeitgebers have a regulating effect. It may be the cases the synchronised periods have an evolutionary significance because it allows women that are living together to synchronise pregnancies so they can share child care. However, it has also been found that women working in proximity to men have shorter cycles; an evolutionary advantage which provides more opportunity for pregnancy. Likewise, the purpose of a menstrual cycle is to conserve energy. Therefore it is better to restrict periods of fertility, highlighting the need for endogenous control. On the other hand there are ‘side effects’ of the menstrual cycle such as pre menstrual tension which has been associate with increased aggression. Lewis found that pre menstrual tensions has been cited as a defence in criminal trials. A second infradian rhythm is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). It involves having severe depression in the winter months. Levels of melatonin are higher in winter and may lead to increased depression and sleepiness. However, it has led to a treatment called phototherapy which is being exposed to bright lights for several hours a day in order to reduced the effect of too much serotonin. This in turn, lowers melatonin levels. Hamster research again has provided us with more knowledge of infradian rhythms. Male hamsters have annual rhythms of testosterone secretion based on the amount of light that occurs each day. As the breeding season begins, the days lengthen thus when it ends, they shorten. Rusak and Zucker made lesions in the SCN, the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, part of the hypothalamus in a hamster which destroyed their annual breeding cycles and led to male hamsters secreting testosterone all year. The 24 hour clock that daily light levels were measured against was destroyed so the seasons couldn’t be determined. Carlson found that if it was less than 12 hours of light for hamsters, it is winter where if it more than 12 hours it is summer, and therefore the breeding season. However, the research was invasive and led to brain damage, meaning it caused harm to the hamster. As it has also been conducted on animals, it cannot be generalised because it lacks population validity despite being informative. Circa-annual rhythms which means they happen once a year are also examples of infradian rhythms. When studying migration, Gwinner kept wild birds in cages exposing them to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. This lack of external stimuli led to migratory restlessness thus suggesting there is endogenous control. However, it may be triggered by the availability of food, an exogenous cue. As the wild birds were kept in cages, they also experienced harm because they were not in their natural setting either. Pengelly and Fisher conducted research into hibernation. Similar to Gwinner, they controlled squirrels artificially by exposing them to light 12 hours a day followed by 12 hours of darkness, keeping the temperature at 0 degrees. The squirrels hibernated from October to April. However, as the animals were not in their natural habitat, the studies lacked ecological validity because it was artificial. The research findings are positive as they have established the existence of endogenous pacemakers regulated by exogenous zeitgebers. However, to an extent the findings are deterministic because we need exogenous zeitebers to help our endogenous pacemakers as it has been found in studies by Siffre and Aschoff and Weber that without external cues, our biological rhythms are slower than what they need to be. In addition, some of the research is idiographic because they are small samples and or case studies meaning they lack population validity.

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries 1.1 Introduction Over the past years, academics have suggested enormous numbers of change detection techniques of remote sensing imageries and classified them from a different point of views [ 28 ]. These techniques depend on the assumption of spatial independence among pixels. This assumption is valid only for low, medium and high-resolution images but insufficient for VHR images [ 1 ]. This chapter presents the concept, implementation, and assessment of seven change detection techniques using low, medium and high-resolution ORSI. The rest of this chapter is organized into eight sections. Section 3.2 presents a brief description of the study areas. Section 3.3 describes the dataset characteristics of the study areas (Sharm El-Sheikh city and Mahalla al-kubra city – Egypt). Section 3.4 presents the pre-processing performed on the image dataset before change detection process. Section 3.5 provides the accuracy assessment measures used for evaluation of the change detectio n process. Section 3.6 illustrates the concepts of the selected seven change detection techniques . These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification (DMDC), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD). Section 3.7 presents the experimental work. It explains the Implementation and accuracy assessment of applying the selected change detection techniques on an image dataset of Sharm El-Sheikh city- Egypt. Section 3.8 presents the application of â€Å"post-classification† change detection technique on an image dataset of El-Mahalla El-kubra City-Egypt to detect the urban expansion over the agricultural area through the period from 2010 to 2015. Finally, section 3.9 gives the chapter summary. 1.2 The study areas In this chapter, two study areas are selected for the application of the selected change detection techniques. The first area is a part of Sharm el-Sheikh city. It is located on the southern landfill of the Sinai Peninsula, in the South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, on the coastal bar along the Red Sea as shown in figure (3.1). Its population is approximately 73,000 as of 2015 [ 62 ]. Sharm El Sheikh is the administrative hub of Egypt’s South Sinai Governorate, which includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and Mount Sinai. Today the city is a holiday resort and significant center for tourism in Egypt. The selected area is about 12.5 Km 2 . The second study area is a village belongs to El Mahalla El Kubra city. El Mahalla El Kubra is a large industrial and agricultural city in Egypt, located in the middle of the Nile Delta on the western bank of the Damietta Branch tributary, as shown in figure (3.2). The city is known for its textile industry. It is the largest city of the Gharbia Governorate and the second largest in the Nile Delta [ 63 ]. The selected area is about 38 Km 2 . 1.3 Images datasets of the study areas In this chapter, two datasets are used. The first dataset consists of two images of Sham el-Sheikh city acquired by Landsat 7 at 2000 and 2010 respectively as shown in figure (3.3). Area of the image lies between Lat. 28 0 37.0091 N, Lon. 34 17 56.3381 E and Lat.   27 57 20.8804 N, Lon. 34 24 43.6080 E. Table (3.1) summarizes the characteristic of these images. Table (3.1 )   Characteristic of Sham el-Sheikh dataset No Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Number of bands Acquisition date Size [pixels] Area [km 2 ] Width Height 1 30 m 8 bits 3 2000 382 364 12.5143 2 30 m 8 bits 3 2010 382 364 12.5143 (a) (b) Fig (3.3 ) Dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh city- Egypt acquired by Landsat 7 at (a) image acquired at 2000 and the (b) image acquired at 2010. Figure (3.4) illustrates the second dataset of a village belongs to EL Mahalla al-Kubra city in Egypt. It consists of two images acquired in 2010 and 2015. It is taken by El-Shayal Smart web online Software that could acquire Satellite images from Google Earth. The image area lies between Lat. 30 57 46.9032 N, Lon. 31 14 35.4776E and Lat. 30 54 47.00 N, Lon. 31 18 19.98. Table (3.2) summarizes the characteristic of this dataset. (a) (b) Fig ( 3.4 ) Dataset of EL mahalla al-kubra city- Egypt ( Google Earth) (a) image acquired at 2010 and (b) image acquired at 2015. Table (3.2 )   Characteristic of EL mahalla al-kubra dataset No Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Number of bands Acquisition date Size [pixels] Area [km 2 ] Width Height 1 6 m 8 bits 3 2010 1056 1007 38.2821 2 6 m 8 bits 3 2015 1056 1007 38.2821 1.4 Image Pre-processing for Change Detection Before change detection process, it is usually necessary to carry out the radiometric correction and image registration for the dataset used [ 64 ].   In sections 3.4.1and 3.4.2, the concept of radiometric and image registration are described. The execution of preprocessing on the dataset used is given in section 3.7.2. 1.4.1 Radiometric correction Radiometric conditions are influenced by many factors such as different imaging seasons or dates, different solar altitudes, different view angles, different meteorologic conditions and different cover areas of cloud, rain or snow etc. It may affect the accuracy of most change detection techniques. Radiometric correction is performed to remove or reduce the inconsistency between the values surveyed by sensors and the spe ctral reflectivity and spectral radiation brightness of the objects, which encompasses absolute radiometric correction and relative radiometric correction [ 26 ]. Absolute radiometric correction It mainly rectifies the radiation distortion that is irrelevant to the radiation features of the object surface and is caused by the state of sensors, solar illumination, and dispersion and absorption of atmospheric etc. The typical methods mainly consist of adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with the transmission code of atmospheric radiation, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with spectral curves in the lab, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with dark object and transmission code of radiation, rectifying the scene by removing the dark objects and so on. Due to the fact that it is expensive and impractical to survey the atmospheric parameter and ground objects of the current data, and almost impossible to survey that of the histor ical data, it is difficult to implement absolute radiometric correction in most situations in reality. Relative radiometric correction In a relative radiometric correction, an image is regarded as a reference image. Then adjust the radiation features of another image to make it match with the former one. Main methods consist of correction by histogram regularization and correction with fixed object. This kind of correction can remove or reduce the effects of atmosphere, sensor, and other noises. In addition, it has a simple algorithm. So it has been widely used. The radiation algorithms that are most frequently used at present in the preprocessing of change detection mainly consists of image regression method, pseudo-invariant features,   dark set and bright set normalization, no-change set radiometric normalization, histogram matching, second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum and so on. It should be pointed that radiometric correction isn’t n ecessary for all change detection methods. Although some scholars hold that radiometric corrections are necessary for multi-sensor land cover change analysis Leonardo studies at 2006 have shown that if the obtained spectral signal comes from the images to be classified, it is unnecessary to conduct atmospheric correction before the change detection of post-classification comparison. For those change detection algorithms based on feature, object comparison, radiometric correction is often unnecessary [ 64 ]. 1.4.2 Image registration Precise registration to the multi-temporal imageries is essential for numerous change detection techniques. The importance of precise spatial registration of multi-temporal imagery is understandable because generally spurious results of change detection will be formed if there is misregistration. If great registration accuracy isn’t available, a great deal of false change area in the scene will be caused by image displacement. It is commonly approved that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is recognized. It can be seen that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is necessary to change detection. However, it is doubtful whether this result is suitable for all registration data sources and all detected objects and if suitable how much it is. Another problem is whether this result has no influence on all change detection techniques and applications and if there is any influence how much it is. These Problems are worth to be studied further. On the other hand, it is difficult to implement high accuracy registration between multi-temporal especially multi-sensor remote sensing images due to many factors, such as imaging models, imaging angles and conditions, curvature and rotation of the earth and so on. Especially in the mountainous region and urban area, general image registration methods are ineffective and orthorectification is needed. Although geometrical registration of h igh accuracy is necessary to techniques used for low, medium and high resolution (like image differencing techniques and post-classification), it is unnecessary for all change detection t. For the feature-based change detection methods like object-based change detection method, the so-called buffer detection procedure can be employed to associate the extracted objects or features and in this manner, the harsh prerequisite of perfect registration can be escaped [ 65 ]. However, these methods neglect the key problem of the distinction between radiometric and semantic changes. So, it does not address the problem of change detection from a general perspective. It just focuses on specific applications relevant to the end user [ 1 ]. 1.5 Accuracy Assessment used for Change Detection Process evaluation The accuracy of change detection depends on many factors, including precise geometric registration and calibration or normalization, availability and quality of ground reference data, t he complexity of landscape and environment, methods or algorithms used, the analyst’s skills and experience, and time and cost restrictions.   Authors in [ 66 ] summarized the main errors in change detection including errors in data (e.g. image resolution, accuracy of location and image quality), errors caused by pre-processing (the accuracy of geometric correction and radiometric correction), errors caused by change detection methods and processes (e.g. classification and data extraction error), errors in field survey (e.g. accuracy of ground reference) and errors caused by post-processing. Accuracy assessment techniques in change detection originate from those of remote sensing images classification. It is natural to extend the accuracy assessment techniques for processing single time image to that of bi-temporal or multi-temporal images. Among various assessment techniques, the most efficient and widely-used is the error matrix [ 26 ]. It describes the comparison or cr oss-tabulation of the classified land cover to the actual land cover revealed by the sample sites results in an error matrix as demonstrated in the table (3.3). It can be called a confusion matrix, contingency table [ 67 ], evaluation matrix [ 68 ] or misclassification matrix [ 69 ]. Different measures and statistics can be derived from the values in an error matrix. These measures are used to evaluate the change detection process. These measures are overall accuracy, procedures accuracy and user accuracy [ 70 ]. Overall accuracy of the change map It presents the ratio of the total number of correctly classified pixels to the total number of pixels in the matrix. This figure is normally expressed as a percentage. It can be expressed as follows: The overall accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.1) User’s accuracy (column accuracy) It is a measure of the reliability of change map generated fro m a CD process. It is a statistic that can tell the user of the map what percentage of a class corresponds to the ground-truthed class. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the total pixels assigned to that class. The user accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.2) Producer’s accuracy (raw accuracy) It is a measure of the accuracy of a particular classification scheme. It shows what percentage of a particular ground class was correctly classified. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the actual number of ground truth pixels for that class. The procedure accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.3) Table ( 3 . 3 ) Change error matrix or confusion matrix. Classified land cover Actual land cover Class1 = change Class2 = no change Class1 = change Correct False Class2 = no change False Correct 1.6 Concepts of the selected change detection techniques Seven LULC change detection techniques are selected to be implemented on our dataset. These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification ( DMDC ), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD). Image differencing Itis based on the subtraction of two spatially registered imageries, pixel by pixel, as follows: ID =X i (t 2 ) – X i (t 1 )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.4) Where: X represents the multispectral images with I (number of bands) acquired at two different times t 1 and t 2 . The pixel s of changed area are predictable to be scattered in the two ends of the histogram of the resulting image (change map), and the no changed area is grouped around zero as shown in figure (3.5). This simple manner easily infers the resulting image; conversely, it is vital to properly describe the thresholds to perceive the change from non-change regions [ 71 ] . Image Rationing It is similar to image differencing method. The only difference between them is the replacement of the differencing images by rationed images [ 71 ].